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The lessons are our own text. Every claim cites a record indexed in PubMed: society guidelines first (the current US guideline is the answer standard, as on the exam), then systematic reviews, landmark trials, major reviews and StatPearls. Each lesson's evidence lines quote a few words of the source so the claim can be checked; nothing else is reproduced. Open-access sources keep their licence (shown under each); the others are cited and paraphrased, never copied.

The syllabus is ABIM's public Internal Medicine blueprint (PDF). No exam questions, question banks or review books are used.

  • Campbell RL, Hagan JB, Manivannan V, et al. Evaluation of national institute of allergy and infectious diseases/food allergy and anaphylaxis network criteria for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis in emergency department patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012.

    study PMID 22051698 DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.030 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Cardona V, Ansotegui IJ, Ebisawa M, et al. World allergy organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020. World Allergy Organ J 2020.

    study PMID 33204386 DOI 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100472 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Choo KJ, Simons FE, Sheikh A Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012.

    systematic review PMID 22513951 DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD007596.pub3 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Cortellini G, Nakonechna A, Barbaud A, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Hypersensitivity to Antiplatelet Drugs: EAACI Position Paper. Allergy 2025.

    consensus PMID 40704552 DOI 10.1111/all.16663 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.2

  • Floyd ML, Adams KE, Golden DBK Updates and Recent Advances on Venom Immunotherapy. Curr Treat Options Allergy 2023.

    review PMID 37361640 DOI 10.1007/s40521-023-00336-7 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.3

  • Golden DB, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, et al. Outcomes of allergy to insect stings in children, with and without venom immunotherapy. N Engl J Med 2004.

    study PMID 15306668 DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa022952 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.3

  • Golden DBK, Wang J, Waserman S, et al. Anaphylaxis: A 2023 practice parameter update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024.

    guideline PMID 38108678 DOI 10.1016/j.anai.2023.09.015 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.3

  • Hunt KJ, Valentine MD, Sobotka AK, et al. A controlled trial of immunotherapy in insect hypersensitivity. N Engl J Med 1978.

    trial PMID 78446 DOI 10.1056/NEJM197807272990401 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.3

  • Kim TH, Yoon SH, Hong H, et al. Duration of Observation for Detecting a Biphasic Reaction in Anaphylaxis: A Meta-Analysis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019.

    meta-analysis PMID 30763927 DOI 10.1159/000496092 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Kowalski ML, Makowska JS Seven steps to the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: how to apply a new classification in real practice? Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015.

    review PMID 25749768 DOI 10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.312 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.2

  • Muraro A, Worm M, Alviani C, et al. EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update). Allergy 2022.

    guideline PMID 34343358 DOI 10.1111/all.15032 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Nagata S, Ohbe H, Jo T, et al. Glucocorticoids and Rates of Biphasic Reactions in Patients with Adrenaline-Treated Anaphylaxis: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2022.

    study PMID 35526528 DOI 10.1159/000524612 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Pouessel G, Dribin TE, Tacquard C, et al. Management of Refractory Anaphylaxis: An Overview of Current Guidelines. Clin Exp Allergy 2024.

    guideline PMID 38866583 DOI 10.1111/cea.14514 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T, et al. Guideline (S2k) on acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis: 2021 update: S2k-Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the Society of Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the German Academy of Allergology and Environmental Medicine (DAAU), the German Professional Association of Pediatricians (BVKJ), the Society for Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (GNPI), the German Society of Dermatology (DDG), the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (ÖGAI), the Swiss Society for Allergy and Immunology (SGAI), the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI), the German Society of Pharmacology (DGP), the German Respiratory Society (DGP), the patient organization German Allergy and Asthma Association (DAAB), the German Working Group of Anaphylaxis Training and Education (AGATE). Allergo J Int 2021.

    guideline PMID 33527068 DOI 10.1007/s40629-020-00158-y Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Romano A, Valluzzi RL, Alvarez-Cuesta E, et al. Updating the classification and routine diagnosis of NSAID hypersensitivity reactions: A WAO Statement. World Allergy Organ J 2025.

    review PMID 40837856 DOI 10.1016/j.waojou.2025.101086 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.2

  • Ruëff F, Bauer A, Becker S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Hymenoptera venom allergy: S2k Guideline of the German Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) in collaboration with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Berufs- und Umweltdermatologie e.V. (ABD), the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the German Society of Dermatology (DDG), the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (DGHNOKC), the German Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ), the Society for Pediatric Allergy and Environmental Medicine (GPA), German Respiratory Society (DGP), and the Austrian Society for Allergy and Immunology (ÖGAI). Allergol Select 2023.

    guideline PMID 37854067 DOI 10.5414/ALX02430E Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.3

  • Ruëff F, Przybilla B, Biló MB, et al. Predictors of severe systemic anaphylactic reactions in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy: importance of baseline serum tryptase-a study of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009.

    study PMID 19895993 DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.027 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.3

  • Settipane RA, Schrank PJ, Simon RA, et al. Prevalence of cross-sensitivity with acetaminophen in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995.

    trial PMID 7560658 DOI 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70290-3 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.2

  • Shaker MS Anaphylaxis: Definition and criteria. J Food Allergy 2024.

    study PMID 39257603 DOI 10.2500/jfa.2024.6.240002 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DBK, et al. Anaphylaxis-a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020.

    guideline PMID 32001253 DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.017 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Sheikh A, ten Broek Vm, Brown SG, et al. H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007.

    systematic review PMID 17253584 DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD006160.pub2 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, et al. World allergy organization guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. World Allergy Organ J 2011.

    guideline PMID 23268454 DOI 10.1097/WOX.0b013e318211496c Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001.

    trial PMID 11692118 DOI 10.1067/mai.2001.119409 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, et al. Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998.

    trial PMID 9449498 DOI 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70190-3 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Sturm GJ, Varga EM, Roberts G, et al. EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy 2018.

    guideline PMID 28748641 DOI 10.1111/all.13262 Licence: cited, not reproduced Lessons: 1.1.3

  • Turner PJ, Jerschow E, Umasunthar T, et al. Fatal Anaphylaxis: Mortality Rate and Risk Factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017.

    review PMID 28888247 DOI 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.031 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.1

  • Wang J Epinephrine autoinjectors for individuals with food allergy: Who, how many, and when to use. J Food Allergy 2024.

    study PMID 39257596 DOI 10.2500/jfa.2024.6.240004 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.11.1.3

  • Wöhrl S NSAID hypersensitivity - recommendations for diagnostic work up and patient management. Allergo J Int 2018.

    review PMID 29974031 DOI 10.1007/s40629-018-0064-0 Licence: open access (Creative Commons) Lessons: 1.1.2